引言:状态码不是数字游戏
作为运维工程师,每天都要和 502、503、504 这些状态码打交道。但真正能说清楚这三者区别的人并不多——很多人只知道”网关错误”,却不清楚具体是哪个环节出了问题。
这篇文章从 HTTP 协议原理讲起,详细区分这三种状态码的触发场景、排查方法,并给出实际的排障案例。看完之后,你遇到这类问题应该能快速定位根因。
前置知识:HTTP 协议基础、Nginx/Apache 基础
实验环境:CentOS Stream 9 / Ubuntu 24.04 LTS
1 HTTP 状态码体系
1.1 HTTP 状态码分类
HTTP 状态码结构:
1xx - 信息响应
2xx - 成功响应
3xx - 重定向
4xx - 客户端错误
5xx - 服务器错误
重点关注 5xx:
502 Bad Gateway
503 Service Unavailable
504 Gateway Timeout
1.2 5xx 状态的共同点
# Nginx 配置:返回 5xx 状态码时记录详细日志
log_format detailed '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] '
'"$request" $status $body_bytes_sent '
'"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" '
'rt=$request_time uct="$upstream_connect_time" '
'uht="$upstream_header_time" urt="$upstream_response_time"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/detailed.log detailed;
# 自定义错误页面
error_page 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
internal;
}
1.3 错误码与 HTTP 协议层的关系
┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
│ HTTP 层(应用层) │
│ 理解请求内容、状态码、缓存控制等 │
└─────────────────────────────────────┘
▲
│ 协议解析
│
┌─────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┐
│ Proxy/网关 层 │
│ Nginx 作为反向代理,接收客户端请求,转发给后端 │
│ Nginx 负责返回 502/503/504 状态码 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
▲
│ 转发请求
│
┌─────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┐
│ Upstream(后端服务)层 │
│ PHP-FPM、Node.js、Python uWSGI、Java Tomcat 等 │
│ 后端服务可能返回 500 错误或其他状态 │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
2 502 Bad Gateway 深度解析
2.1 502 的定义
502 Bad Gateway:作为网关或代理的服务器收到了无效响应。
客户端 Nginx PHP-FPM
| | |
| ──────── GET / ──────> | |
| | ──────── FastCGI ──────> |
| | |
| | <─────── (无响应) ─────── |
| | 连接被拒绝/超时 |
| | |
| <──── 502 Bad Gateway -| |
| | |
2.2 502 的典型触发场景
场景一:后端服务未启动
# 检查 PHP-FPM 是否运行
systemctl status php-fpm
# 或
ps aux | grep php-fpm
# 如果未运行
sudo systemctl start php-fpm
sudo systemctl enable php-fpm
场景二:后端端口配置错误
# Nginx 配置
upstream backend {
server 127.0.0.1:9000; # 正确的端口
# server 127.0.0.1:9001; # 错误的端口(服务未监听)
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://backend;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
}
# FastCGI 配置(PHP)
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; # 检查端口是否正确
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
}
}
场景三:后端服务崩溃
# 查看 PHP-FPM 错误日志
tail -100 /var/log/php-fpm/error.log
# 或
journalctl -u php-fpm -n 100 --no-pager
# 查看进程状态
ps aux | grep php-fpm
# 如果进程存在但无法响应,可能是 worker 进程耗尽
场景四:连接数耗尽
# PHP-FPM 配置检查
cat /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf | grep -E "^pm|^pm\.|^request_"
# 典型配置
[www]
pm = dynamic
pm.max_children = 50 # 最大子进程数
pm.start_servers = 5 # 启动时进程数
pm.min_spare_servers = 5 # 最小空闲进程
pm.max_spare_servers = 35 # 最大空闲进程
pm.max_requests = 500 # 每个进程处理多少请求后回收
# 如果 max_children 已满,新请求会排队或超时
2.3 502 排查流程图
502 错误发生
│
├── Step 1: 检查 Nginx 能否连接后端
│ ├── telnet 127.0.0.1 9000
│ ├── nc -zv 127.0.0.1 9000
│ └── ss -tlnp | grep 9000
│
├── Step 2: 检查后端服务状态
│ ├── systemctl status php-fpm
│ ├── ps aux | grep php-fpm
│ └── ss -tlnp | grep :9000
│
├── Step 3: 检查后端资源
│ ├── /var/log/php-fpm/error.log
│ ├── dmesg | tail
│ └── free -h
│
└── Step 4: 检查 Nginx 日志
├── /var/log/nginx/error.log
└── /var/log/nginx/access.log (rt 字段)
2.4 502 实际排查脚本
#!/bin/bash
# check_502.sh - 502 错误快速排查
echo "=========================================="
echo " 502 错误排查"
echo "=========================================="
# 1. 检查 Nginx 状态
echo ""
echo "[1] Nginx 服务状态"
systemctl is-active nginx && echo "✓ Nginx 运行中" || echo "✗ Nginx 未运行"
ss -tlnp | grep :80 | head -5
# 2. 检查后端服务
echo ""
echo "[2] PHP-FPM 服务状态"
systemctl is-active php-fpm && echo "✓ PHP-FPM 运行中" || echo "✗ PHP-FPM 未运行"
ps aux | grep -E "php-fpm|php-cgi" | grep -v grep | head -5
# 3. 检查端口监听
echo ""
echo "[3] 端口监听状态"
ss -tlnp | grep -E ":80|:9000|:9001|:8080" | head -10
# 4. 检查连接测试
echo ""
echo "[4] 后端连接测试"
timeout 3 bash -c "echo > /dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/9000" 2>/dev/null && echo "✓ 127.0.0.1:9000 可连接" || echo "✗ 127.0.0.1:9000 无法连接"
timeout 3 bash -c "echo > /dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/9001" 2>/dev/null && echo "✓ 127.0.0.1:9001 可连接" || echo "✗ 127.0.0.1:9001 无法连接"
# 5. 检查资源使用
echo ""
echo "[5] 资源使用情况"
free -h | grep Mem
df -h / | tail -1
# 6. 查看 Nginx 错误日志
echo ""
echo "[6] Nginx 502 错误日志(最近 10 条)"
grep -A2 "502" /var/log/nginx/error.log 2>/dev/null | tail -20
# 7. 查看 PHP-FPM 错误日志
echo ""
echo "[7] PHP-FPM 错误日志(最近 10 条)"
tail -10 /var/log/php-fpm/error.log 2>/dev/null || tail -10 /var/log/php-fpm/www-error.log 2>/dev/null
echo ""
echo "=========================================="
echo " 排查完成"
echo "=========================================="
3 503 Service Unavailable 深度解析
3.1 503 的定义
503 Service Unavailable:服务器暂时无法处理请求,可能是过载或维护。
客户端 Nginx 后端服务
| | |
| ──────── GET / ──────> | |
| | |
| | <─────── 503 ────────── |
| | 服务暂时不可用 |
| | |
| <──── 503 Service ----- | |
| Unavailable | |
| | |
3.2 503 的典型触发场景
场景一:后端服务主动返回 503
# Nginx 配置:限流触发 503
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=one:10m rate=10r/s;
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
location / {
limit_req zone=one burst=20 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://backend;
}
}
# 自定义 503 页面
error_page 503 /503.html;
location = /503.html {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
internal;
}
场景二:维护模式
# 维护开关
set $maintenance false;
# 可以通过变量控制
if (-f /var/www/maintenance.html) {
set $maintenance true;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
if ($maintenance = true) {
return 503;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://backend;
}
error_page 503 @maintenance;
location @maintenance {
root /var/www;
rewrite ^(.*)$ /maintenance.html break;
}
}
场景三:连接数限制
# Nginx 层面限制
limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=addr:10m;
server {
listen 80;
location / {
limit_conn addr 10; # 每个 IP 最多 10 个连接
proxy_pass http://backend;
}
}
场景四:后端服务过载
# 查看当前连接数
ss -ant | grep :8080 | wc -l
# 查看 PHP-FPM 状态页面
# 需要启用 status 页面
cat /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf | grep status
# pm.status_path = /status
# Nginx 配置 status 页面
location ~ ^/(status|ping)$ {
access_log off;
allow 127.0.0.1;
deny all;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
# 访问状态页面
curl http://127.0.0.1/status
# pool: www
# process manager: dynamic
# status: idle
# accepted conn: 12345
# listen queue: 0
# max listen queue: 10
# listen queue len: 10
# idle processes: 4
# active processes: 1
# total processes: 5
# max children reached: 0
3.3 503 与限流的配合
#!/bin/bash
# test_nginx_limit.sh - 测试 Nginx 限流效果
echo "测试 Nginx 限流配置..."
echo ""
# 使用 ab 进行压力测试
# 安装 ab(如果未安装)
which ab || sudo dnf install httpd-tools -y
# 单个请求测试
echo "=== 正常请求测试 ==="
curl -I http://localhost/ 2>/dev/null | head -1
# 并发测试
echo ""
echo "=== 限流测试(20 并发,50 请求)==="
ab -n 50 -c 20 http://localhost/
# 查看限流日志
echo ""
echo "=== Nginx 限流日志 ==="
tail -20 /var/log/nginx/error.log | grep -i limit || echo "无限流日志"
# 查看响应码统计
echo ""
echo "=== 响应码统计 ==="
awk '{print $9}' /var/log/nginx/access.log | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn
3.4 503 排查流程图
503 错误发生
│
├── Step 1: 判断是 Nginx 返回还是后端返回
│ ├── 查看响应头
│ └── curl -I http://example.com
│
├── Step 2: 如果是 Nginx 返回
│ ├── 检查限流配置 (limit_req)
│ ├── 检查连接数限制 (limit_conn)
│ └── 检查维护模式
│
└── Step 3: 如果是后端返回
├── 检查后端服务是否过载
├── 检查后端日志
└── 检查后端资源状态
4 504 Gateway Timeout 深度解析
4.1 504 的定义
504 Gateway Timeout:作为网关或代理的服务器未能在规定时间内完成请求。
客户端 Nginx 后端服务
| | |
| ──────── GET / ──────> | |
| | ──── 转发请求 ─────────> |
| | |
| | (等待中...) |
| | |
| | ⏱ 超时! |
| | <─── (无响应) ────────── |
| | |
| <──── 504 Gateway ----- | |
| Timeout | |
| | |
4.2 504 的典型触发场景
场景一:后端处理时间过长
# Nginx 超时配置
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
# FastCGI 超时设置
fastcgi_connect_timeout 60s; # 连接后端超时
fastcgi_send_timeout 60s; # 发送请求超时
fastcgi_read_timeout 60s; # 读取响应超时
# Proxy 超时设置
proxy_connect_timeout 60s;
proxy_send_timeout 60s;
proxy_read_timeout 60s;
location / {
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
}
场景二:慢查询导致 PHP-FPM 超时
# PHP-FPM 超时配置
# /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
request_terminate_timeout = 30s # 单个请求超时
request_slowlog_timeout = 10s # 慢查询日志阈值
# 查看 PHP-FPM 慢日志
tail -50 /var/log/php-fpm/www-slow.log
# 找到执行时间过长的脚本
cat /var/log/php-fpm/www-slow.log
# [07-Jan-2026 10:30:45] [pool www] pid 12345
# script: /var/www/html/api.php
# call: mysqli_query()
# timeout: 30s elapsed
场景三:数据库连接超时
<?php
// 数据库连接超时设置
$conn = new mysqli("localhost", "user", "pass", "db");
// 设置超时(秒)
$conn->options(MYSQLI_OPT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT, 5);
// 设置读超时
$conn->options(MYSQLI_OPT_READ_TIMEOUT, 30);
// 设置写超时
$conn->options(MYSQLI_OPT_WRITE_TIMEOUT, 30);
// 执行查询
$result = $conn->query("SELECT * FROM large_table");
?>
场景四:Nginx 等待后端响应超时
# 典型场景:API 接口处理时间过长
upstream backend {
server 127.0.0.1:8080;
keepalive 32;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name api.example.com;
# API 超时配置(较长)
proxy_connect_timeout 300s;
proxy_send_timeout 300s;
proxy_read_timeout 300s;
# 大文件上传场景
client_max_body_size 100m;
proxy_read_timeout 600s;
location /api/ {
proxy_pass http://backend;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Connection "";
proxy_set_header Host $host;
}
}
4.3 504 排查流程图
504 错误发生
│
├── Step 1: 检查是哪个超时
│ ├── Nginx -> 后端:proxy_read_timeout
│ ├── FastCGI:fastcgi_read_timeout
│ └── 后端 PHP:max_execution_time
│
├── Step 2: 检查后端日志
│ ├── PHP-FPM 慢日志
│ ├── 后端应用日志
│ └── 数据库慢查询日志
│
├── Step 3: 检查后端性能
│ ├── CPU 使用率
│ ├── 内存使用率
│ └── 数据库连接池
│
└── Step 4: 优化方案
├── 增加超时时间
├── 优化后端代码
└── 使用异步处理
4.4 超时配置综合示例
# /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# 全局超时配置
proxy_connect_timeout 60s;
proxy_send_timeout 60s;
proxy_read_timeout 60s;
# FastCGI 全局配置
fastcgi_connect_timeout 60s;
fastcgi_send_timeout 60s;
fastcgi_read_timeout 60s;
fastcgi_buffering_timeout 60s;
# uWSGI 超时配置
uwsgi_connect_timeout 60s;
uwsgi_send_timeout 60s;
uwsgi_read_timeout 60s;
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
# 默认页面配置
location / {
proxy_pass http://backend;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
}
# 静态资源(较短超时)
location /static/ {
proxy_pass http://static_backend;
proxy_connect_timeout 10s;
proxy_read_timeout 30s;
expires 1d;
}
# API 接口(较长超时)
location /api/ {
proxy_pass http://api_backend;
proxy_connect_timeout 300s;
proxy_read_timeout 300s;
}
# 上传接口(更长超时)
location /upload/ {
proxy_pass http://upload_backend;
proxy_connect_timeout 600s;
proxy_read_timeout 600s;
client_max_body_size 500m;
}
# 错误页面
error_page 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
internal;
}
}
5 三种错误的对比
5.1 核心区别对比表
| 特性 | 502 Bad Gateway | 503 Service Unavailable | 504 Gateway Timeout |
|---|---|---|---|
| 含义 | 网关收到无效响应 | 服务暂时不可用 | 网关等待超时 |
| 问题位置 | 后端连接/后端崩溃 | 限流/过载/维护 | 后端处理太慢 |
| Nginx 视角 | 连接失败 | 连接成功但拒绝服务 | 连接成功但响应超时 |
| 常见原因 | 后端未启动、端口错误 | 限流、worker 耗尽 | 慢查询、接口耗时过长 |
| 解决方向 | 检查后端服务 | 扩容、限流、等待 | 优化后端代码 |
| HTTP 方法 | 所有方法 | 所有方法 | 通常 GET/POST |
5.2 响应时间对比
502: ████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ 立即返回(连接失败)
503: ████░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░ 立即返回(限流拒绝)
504: ██████████████████████ 等待超时后返回
5.3 日志特征对比
# Nginx 错误日志示例
# 502 - 后端连接被拒绝
2026/01/15 10:30:45 [error] 12345#0: *1 connect() failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.1.100, server: example.com, request: "GET / HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://127.0.0.1:9000", host: "example.com"
# 502 - 后端无响应
2026/01/15 10:31:00 [error] 12345#0: *2 no live connection while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.1.101, server: example.com, request: "GET /api/data HTTP/1.1", upstream: "http://127.0.0.1:8080"
# 503 - 限流触发
2026/01/15 10:32:00 [error] 12345#0: *3 limiting connections by zone "addr" while connecting to upstream, client: 192.168.1.102, server: example.com, request: "GET / HTTP/1.1", upstream: "http://backend"
# 503 - 维护模式
2026/01/15 10:33:00 [error] 12345#0: *4 maintenance mode, client: 192.168.1.103, server: example.com, request: "GET / HTTP/1.1"
# 504 - FastCGI 超时
2026/01/15 10:34:00 [error] 12345#0: *5 upstream timed out (110: Connection timed out) while reading response header from upstream, client: 192.168.1.104, server: example.com, request: "GET /slow-api HTTP/1.1", upstream: "fastcgi://127.0.0.1:9000", host: "example.com"
# 504 - Proxy 超时
2026/01/15 10:35:00 [error] 12345#0: *6 upstream timed out (110: Connection timed out) while reading response header from upstream, client: 192.168.1.105, server: example.com, request: "GET /heavy-query HTTP/1.1", upstream: "http://127.0.0.1:8080"
6 实战排障案例
案例一:502 后端服务崩溃
现象:网站间歇性出现 502 错误
排查过程:
# 1. 检查 Nginx 错误日志
tail -100 /var/log/nginx/error.log | grep 502
# 输出:
# 2026/01/15 10:30:45 [error] 12345#0: *1 connect() failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream
# 2. 检查 PHP-FPM 状态
systemctl status php-fpm
# 输出:php-fpm.service - PHP FastCGI Process Manager
# Active: inactive (dead) since Thu 2026-01-15 10:30:00 CST
# 3. 检查系统资源(OOM)
dmesg | grep -i "out of memory"
# 输出:
# [12543.123456] php-fpm[12345]: oom-kill: victim=12345
# 4. 检查内存使用
free -h
# total used free shared buff/cache available
# Mem: 7.6Gi 7.2Gi 128Mi 45Mi 200Mi 80Mi
# Swap: 2.0Gi 1.8Gi 200Mi
# 5. 查看 PHP-FPM 配置
cat /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf | grep -E "^pm|^max_children|^request_terminate"
# pm.max_children = 50
# request_terminate_timeout = 30
根因:PHP-FPM worker 进程耗尽内存,被 OOM Killer 杀死后服务停止。
解决:
# 1. 临时:启动 PHP-FPM
sudo systemctl start php-fpm
# 2. 调整 PHP-FPM 配置
# /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
[www]
pm = dynamic
pm.max_children = 20 # 减小,避免内存耗尽
pm.start_servers = 3
pm.min_spare_servers = 2
pm.max_spare_servers = 5
pm.max_requests = 200 # 减少每个 worker 处理请求数,防止内存泄漏
# 3. 调整 PHP 内存限制
php_admin_value[memory_limit] = 128M
# 4. 重启服务
sudo systemctl restart php-fpm
sudo systemctl restart nginx
案例二:504 慢查询超时
现象:查询接口频繁超时,返回 504
排查过程:
# 1. 查看 Nginx 错误日志
grep 504 /var/log/nginx/error.log | tail -20
# 输出:
# upstream timed out (110: Connection timed out) while reading response header
# 2. 查看 PHP-FPM 慢日志
cat /var/log/php-fpm/www-slow.log
# [07-Jan-2026 14:30:00] [pool www] pid 12345
# script: /var/www/html/api/report.php
# call: mysqli_query()
# timeout: 30s
# 3. 进入 MySQL 检查慢查询
mysql -u root -p -e "SHOW PROCESSLIST;"
# 输出:
# | Id | User | db | Command | Time | State | Info |
# | 45 | app | mydb | Query | 125 | Sending data | SELECT * FROM huge_table |
# 4. 查看慢查询日志配置
mysql -u root -p -e "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'slow_query%';"
# slow_query_log = ON
# slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql/slow.log
# 5. 查看最近的慢查询
tail -20 /var/log/mysql/slow.log
# Query_time: 45.234521 Lock_time: 0.000023 Rows_sent: 500000 Rows_examined: 5000000
# SELECT * FROM huge_table WHERE created_at < '2026-01-01';
根因:SQL 查询没有索引,全表扫描导致查询时间过长。
解决:
<?php
// 优化查询:添加分页
$page = isset($_GET['page']) ? (int)$_GET['page'] : 1;
$perPage = 100;
$offset = ($page - 1) * $perPage;
$stmt = $conn->prepare("SELECT * FROM huge_table WHERE created_at < ? ORDER BY id LIMIT ? OFFSET ?");
$stmt->bind_param("sii", $date, $perPage, $offset);
$stmt->execute();
?>
-- 添加索引
ALTER TABLE huge_table ADD INDEX idx_created_at (created_at);
ALTER TABLE huge_table ADD INDEX idx_created_at_id (created_at, id);
-- 验证索引
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM huge_table WHERE created_at < '2026-01-01' ORDER BY id LIMIT 100;
案例三:503 限流导致服务不可用
现象:促销活动期间,大量用户收到 503 错误
排查过程:
# 1. 检查 Nginx 限流配置
grep -r "limit_req" /etc/nginx/
# /etc/nginx/nginx.conf: limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=one:10m rate=10r/s;
# 2. 查看限流触发情况
tail -100 /var/log/nginx/error.log | grep "limiting"
# 输出:
# limiting requests, excess: 15.5 by zone "one"
# 3. 检查连接数
ss -ant | grep :80 | wc -l
# 输出:15000
# 4. 查看 PHP-FPM 状态
curl http://127.0.0.1/status
# pool: www
# accepted conn: 1000000
# listen queue: 50
# max listen queue: 100
# active processes: 50
# max children reached: 1
# 5. 统计 503 错误
grep "503" /var/log/nginx/access.log | wc -l
# 输出:12345
根因:限流配置过于严格,高峰期正常请求被拒绝。
解决:
# 调整限流配置
# /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# 限流配置 - 提高限制
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=one:100m rate=100r/s;
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=api:50m rate=50r/s;
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
# 普通页面 - 较高限制
location / {
limit_req zone=one burst=200 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://backend;
}
# API 接口 - 较低限制(防止滥用)
location /api/ {
limit_req zone=api burst=50 nodelay;
proxy_pass http://api_backend;
}
# 静态资源 - 几乎不限流
location /static/ {
limit_req zone=one burst=500;
proxy_pass http://static_backend;
expires 7d;
add_header Cache-Control "public";
}
}
7 监控与告警配置
7.1 监控 5xx 错误率
#!/bin/bash
# monitor_5xx.sh - 监控 5xx 错误率
LOG_FILE="/var/log/nginx/access.log"
ALERT_THRESHOLD=5 # 5xx 错误百分比阈值
# 获取当前分钟的错误统计
current_minute=$(date +"%d/%b/%Y:%H:%M")
total_requests=$(grep "$current_minute" "$LOG_FILE" | wc -l)
error_5xx=$(grep "$current_minute" "$LOG_FILE" | awk '$9 ~ /^5[0-9][0-9]$/' | wc -l)
if [ $total_requests -gt 0 ]; then
error_rate=$(echo "scale=2; $error_5xx * 100 / $total_requests" | bc)
echo "总请求: $total_requests"
echo "5xx 错误: $error_5xx"
echo "错误率: ${error_rate}%"
if (( $(echo "$error_rate > $ALERT_THRESHOLD" | bc -l) )); then
echo "⚠️ 告警:5xx 错误率超过 ${ALERT_THRESHOLD}%"
# 发送告警(可接入 Prometheus/Zabbix)
fi
else
echo "当前分钟无请求"
fi
7.2 Prometheus 告警规则
# prometheus_5xx_alerts.yml
groups:
- name: nginx_5xx_alerts
rules:
- alert: NginxHigh502ErrorRate
expr: |
sum(rate(nginx_http_requests_total{status=~"502"}[5m]))
/ sum(rate(nginx_http_requests_total[5m])) * 100 > 5
for: 2m
labels:
severity: critical
annotations:
summary: "Nginx 502 错误率过高"
description: "502 错误率超过 5%,当前值: {{ $value }}%"
- alert: NginxHigh503ErrorRate
expr: |
sum(rate(nginx_http_requests_total{status=~"503"}[5m]))
/ sum(rate(nginx_http_requests_total[5m])) * 100 > 5
for: 2m
labels:
severity: warning
annotations:
summary: "Nginx 503 错误率过高"
description: "503 错误率超过 5%,当前值: {{ $value }}%"
- alert: NginxHigh504ErrorRate
expr: |
sum(rate(nginx_http_requests_total{status=~"504"}[5m]))
/ sum(rate(nginx_http_requests_total[5m])) * 100 > 5
for: 2m
labels:
severity: warning
annotations:
summary: "Nginx 504 错误率过高"
description: "504 错误率超过 5%,当前值: {{ $value }}%"
7.3 Zabbix 监控模板
# Zabbix Agent 配置
# /etc/zabbix/zabbix_agentd.d/nginx_status.conf
UserParameter=nginx.active_connections,curl -s http://localhost/status | grep 'Active connections:' | awk '{print $3}'
UserParameter=nginx.accepts,curl -s http://localhost/status | awk '/^s+[0-9]+ [0-9]+ [0-9]+/ {print $1}'
UserParameter=nginx.handled,curl -s http://localhost/status | awk '/^s+[0-9]+ [0-9]+ [0-9]+/ {print $2}'
UserParameter=nginx.requests,curl -s http://localhost/status | awk '/^s+[0-9]+ [0-9]+ [0-9]+/ {print $3}'
UserParameter=nginx.5xx_rate,grep -c ' 502 \| 503 \| 504 ' /var/log/nginx/access.log
8 总结与检查清单
三种错误对比总结
502 Bad Gateway:
问题:后端无法连接
原因:后端服务未启动、端口错误、后端崩溃
排查:检查后端服务、检查端口、检查日志
503 Service Unavailable:
问题:后端拒绝服务
原因:限流、过载、维护模式、worker 耗尽
排查:检查限流配置、检查后端负载、检查维护开关
504 Gateway Timeout:
问题:后端响应超时
原因:处理时间过长、慢查询、接口耗时
排查:检查后端日志、检查慢查询、优化代码
排查检查清单
#!/bin/bash
# comprehensive_5xx_check.sh - 5xx 错误综合排查
echo "============================================"
echo " 502/503/504 错误综合排查"
echo "============================================"
# Nginx 服务
echo ""
echo "[1] Nginx 服务状态"
systemctl is-active nginx && echo "✓ 运行中" || echo "✗ 未运行"
ss -tlnp | grep :80 | head -3
# 后端服务
echo ""
echo "[2] 后端服务状态"
for service in php-fpm php80-php-fpm php74-php-fpm node java python; do
if systemctl list-units --type=service | grep -q "$service"; then
systemctl is-active "$service" && echo "✓ $service 运行中" || echo "⚠ $service 未运行"
fi
done
# 端口监听
echo ""
echo "[3] 关键端口监听"
ss -tlnp | grep -E ":80|:443|:8080|:9000|:9001" | head -10
# 近 5 分钟 5xx 统计
echo ""
echo "[4] 近 5 分钟 5xx 错误统计"
current_time=$(date +"%d/%b/%Y:%H:%M")
grep "$current_time" /var/log/nginx/access.log 2>/dev/null | awk '$9 ~ /^5[0-9][0-9]$/ {print $9}' | sort | uniq -c
# Nginx 错误日志
echo ""
echo "[5] Nginx 错误日志(最近 20 条)"
tail -20 /var/log/nginx/error.log 2>/dev/null
# PHP-FPM 状态
echo ""
echo "[6] PHP-FPM 状态(如果有)"
curl -s http://127.0.0.1/status 2>/dev/null || echo "PHP-FPM status 页面未配置"
# 连接数
echo ""
echo "[7] 当前连接数"
ss -ant | wc -l
echo ""
echo "============================================"
快速响应流程
收到 5xx 告警
│
├── 立即检查
│ ├── Nginx 是否运行
│ ├── 后端服务是否运行
│ └── 端口是否监听
│
├── 查看日志
│ ├── Nginx error.log
│ ├── 后端服务日志
│ └── PHP-FPM 慢日志(如有)
│
├── 临时处置
│ ├── 重启后端服务
│ ├── 调整超时配置
│ └── 临时关闭限流
│
└── 根因分析
├── 分析错误日志
├── 检查慢查询
├── 优化配置或代码
└── 完善监控告警
常用命令速查
# 查看 502 错误日志
grep 502 /var/log/nginx/error.log
# 查看 503/504 错误日志
grep -E "503|504" /var/log/nginx/error.log
# 统计 5xx 错误
awk '$9 ~ /^5[0-9][0-9]$/' /var/log/nginx/access.log | wc -l
# 检查后端服务
systemctl status php-fpm
ps aux | grep php-fpm
# 检查端口
ss -tlnp | grep :9000
# 测试后端连接
nc -zv 127.0.0.1 9000
telnet 127.0.0.1 9000
# PHP-FPM 状态
curl http://127.0.0.1/status
# 查看慢日志
tail -50 /var/log/php-fpm/www-slow.log
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